Bài 09: Django Admin Interface

Django Admin Là Gì?

Django Admin là automatic admin interface được Django generate từ models. Đây là một trong những killer features của Django.

# ✅ Django Admin Benefits:# - Automatic CRUD interface# - No code needed for basic operations# - Highly customizable# - User authentication built-in# - Permission management# - Search and filtering# - Production-ready

Admin Interface Features

# Django Admin cung cấp:# ✅ List view - Display all objects# ✅ Detail view - View/edit single object# ✅ Add view - Create new objects# ✅ Delete view - Delete objects# ✅ Search - Search across fields# ✅ Filters - Filter by fields# ✅ Actions - Bulk operations# ✅ Permissions - User/group permissions# ✅ History - Change tracking

Accessing Admin

# URL pattern (auto-configured)# urls.pyfrom django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path urlpatterns = [    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),  # Admin at /admin/] # Access at: http://localhost:8000/admin/

Creating Superuser

createsuperuser Command

# Create superuserpython manage.py createsuperuser # Interactive prompts:# Username: admin# Email address: admin@example.com# Password: ********# Password (again): ******** # Output:# Superuser created successfully.

Non-Interactive Creation

# Create superuser non-interactivelyDJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD=admin123 python manage.py createsuperuser \    --username admin \    --email admin@example.com \    --noinput # Useful for automation/Docker

Programmatic Creation

# In shell or management commandfrom django.contrib.auth import get_user_model User = get_user_model() # Create superuserUser.objects.create_superuser(    username='admin',    email='admin@example.com',    password='admin123') # Create regular useruser = User.objects.create_user(    username='john',    email='john@example.com',    password='pass123') # Make user staff (can access admin)user.is_staff = Trueuser.save() # Make user superuseruser.is_superuser = Trueuser.save()

Registering Models

Basic Registration

# blog/admin.pyfrom django.contrib import adminfrom .models import Post # Method 1: Simple registrationadmin.site.register(Post) # Method 2: Using decorator@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    pass # Now Post appears in admin interface

Multiple Models

# blog/admin.pyfrom django.contrib import adminfrom .models import Post, Category, Tag, Comment # Register multiple modelsadmin.site.register([Post, Category, Tag, Comment]) # Or individuallyadmin.site.register(Post)admin.site.register(Category)admin.site.register(Tag)admin.site.register(Comment)

Unregistering Models

# Unregister a modelfrom django.contrib.auth.models import Group admin.site.unregister(Group)  # Remove Group from admin # Re-register with customization@admin.register(Group)class GroupAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Custom configuration    pass

ModelAdmin Customization

list_display - Customize List View

# blog/admin.pyfrom django.contrib import adminfrom .models import Post @admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Display these fields in list view    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'published', 'created']        # Default: Only shows __str__() value    # With list_display: Shows multiple columns # Custom method in list_display@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'view_count', 'is_recent']        @admin.display(description='Views')    def view_count(self, obj):        """Custom column showing views."""        return f"{obj.views:,}"  # Format with comma        @admin.display(boolean=True, description='Recent?')    def is_recent(self, obj):        """Show checkmark if post is recent."""        from django.utils import timezone        from datetime import timedelta        return obj.created >= timezone.now() - timedelta(days=7)

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = [        'title',        'get_author_email',  # Custom method        'category_name',      # Related field        'tag_count',          # Counted related        'created'    ]        @admin.display(description='Author Email')    def get_author_email(self, obj):        return obj.author.email        @admin.display(description='Category')    def category_name(self, obj):        return obj.category.name if obj.category else '-'        @admin.display(description='Tags')    def tag_count(self, obj):        return obj.tags.count()

list_filter - Add Filters

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'published', 'created']        # Add sidebar filters    list_filter = [        'published',      # Boolean filter        'created',        # Date hierarchy        'author',         # ForeignKey filter        'category',       # ForeignKey filter    ]        # Custom filter    class PublishedFilter(admin.SimpleListFilter):        title = 'publication status'        parameter_name = 'status'                def lookups(self, request, model_admin):            return [                ('published', 'Published'),                ('draft', 'Draft'),                ('recent', 'Recent (7 days)'),            ]                def queryset(self, request, queryset):            if self.value() == 'published':                return queryset.filter(published=True)            if self.value() == 'draft':                return queryset.filter(published=False)            if self.value() == 'recent':                from django.utils import timezone                from datetime import timedelta                date = timezone.now() - timedelta(days=7)                return queryset.filter(created__gte=date)        list_filter = ['published', 'created', PublishedFilter]

search_fields - Add Search

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'created']        # Search in these fields    search_fields = ['title', 'content', 'author__username']        # Search modifiers:    search_fields = [        'title',              # icontains (default)        '=author__username',  # exact match        '@content',           # full-text search (PostgreSQL)        '^title',             # startswith    ]

ordering - Default Ordering

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'created', 'views']        # Default ordering    ordering = ['-created']  # Descending by created    # ordering = ['title']   # Ascending by title    # ordering = ['-views', 'title']  # Multiple fields

list_per_page - Pagination

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'created']    list_per_page = 50  # Default: 100        # Show all on single page    list_max_show_all = 200  # Default: 200

Customizing Forms

fields - Field Order

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Specify field order    fields = ['title', 'slug', 'author', 'category', 'content', 'published']        # Exclude fields    exclude = ['views', 'likes']        # Can't use both fields and exclude together

fieldsets - Grouped Fields

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Group fields into sections    fieldsets = [        ('Basic Information', {            'fields': ['title', 'slug', 'author']        }),        ('Content', {            'fields': ['content', 'excerpt']        }),        ('Metadata', {            'fields': ['category', 'tags', 'published'],            'classes': ['collapse'],  # Collapsible section        }),        ('Advanced', {            'fields': ['views', 'featured'],            'classes': ['collapse', 'wide'],            'description': 'Advanced settings for this post.'        }),    ]

readonly_fields - Read-Only Fields

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    readonly_fields = ['created', 'updated', 'views', 'slug_preview']        fields = [        'title',        'slug',        'slug_preview',  # Custom readonly field        'content',        'created',       # Readonly        'updated',       # Readonly        'views',         # Readonly    ]        @admin.display(description='Slug Preview')    def slug_preview(self, obj):        """Show URL preview."""        if obj.slug:            return f"/blog/{obj.slug}/"        return "-"

prepopulated_fields - Auto-populate

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Auto-populate slug from title    prepopulated_fields = {        'slug': ['title']    }        # Multiple source fields    prepopulated_fields = {        'slug': ['title', 'author']    }

autocomplete_fields - Autocomplete for ForeignKey

# For large datasets, use autocomplete instead of dropdown@admin.register(Category)class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    search_fields = ['name']  # Required for autocomplete @admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    autocomplete_fields = ['category', 'author']    # Shows search box instead of dropdown

raw_id_fields - ID Input

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Show ID input with lookup button (for large datasets)    raw_id_fields = ['author', 'category']

filter_horizontal / filter_vertical - ManyToMany

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Better UI for ManyToMany    filter_horizontal = ['tags']  # Horizontal layout    # or    filter_vertical = ['tags']    # Vertical layout

Inline Models

TabularInline - Table Layout

# Display related Comment objects inline with Postfrom django.contrib import adminfrom .models import Post, Comment class CommentInline(admin.TabularInline):    model = Comment    extra = 1  # Number of empty forms    fields = ['author', 'content', 'approved']    readonly_fields = ['created'] @admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'created']    inlines = [CommentInline]

StackedInline - Stacked Layout

class CommentInline(admin.StackedInline):    model = Comment    extra = 1    fields = ['author', 'content', 'approved']        # Options    max_num = 10          # Maximum inlines    min_num = 0           # Minimum inlines    can_delete = True     # Allow deletion    show_change_link = True  # Link to full edit page @admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    inlines = [CommentInline]

Multiple Inlines

class CommentInline(admin.TabularInline):    model = Comment    extra = 1 class ImageInline(admin.TabularInline):    model = PostImage    extra = 3 @admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    inlines = [CommentInline, ImageInline]

Admin Actions

Built-in Actions

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'published', 'created']        # Enable/disable delete action    actions_on_top = True    actions_on_bottom = False        # Default action: Delete selected

Custom Actions

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'published', 'created']    actions = ['make_published', 'make_draft', 'duplicate_posts']        @admin.action(description='Mark selected as published')    def make_published(self, request, queryset):        """Publish selected posts."""        updated = queryset.update(published=True)        self.message_user(            request,            f'{updated} posts were successfully published.'        )        @admin.action(description='Mark selected as draft')    def make_draft(self, request, queryset):        """Unpublish selected posts."""        updated = queryset.update(published=False)        self.message_user(request, f'{updated} posts marked as draft.')        @admin.action(description='Duplicate selected posts')    def duplicate_posts(self, request, queryset):        """Create copies of selected posts."""        for post in queryset:            post.pk = None  # Create new object            post.title = f"{post.title} (Copy)"            post.save()                self.message_user(            request,            f'{queryset.count()} posts duplicated.'        )

Action with Intermediate Page

from django.shortcuts import renderfrom django import forms class ExportForm(forms.Form):    format = forms.ChoiceField(        choices=[('csv', 'CSV'), ('json', 'JSON')]    ) @admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    actions = ['export_posts']        @admin.action(description='Export selected posts')    def export_posts(self, request, queryset):        """Export posts with format selection."""        if 'apply' in request.POST:            # User submitted the form            form = ExportForm(request.POST)            if form.is_valid():                format = form.cleaned_data['format']                                if format == 'csv':                    # Export as CSV                    import csv                    from django.http import HttpResponse                                        response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/csv')                    response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="posts.csv"'                                        writer = csv.writer(response)                    writer.writerow(['Title', 'Author', 'Created'])                                        for post in queryset:                        writer.writerow([                            post.title,                            post.author.username,                            post.created                        ])                                        return response                                elif format == 'json':                    # Export as JSON                    import json                    from django.http import JsonResponse                                        data = list(queryset.values('title', 'author__username', 'created'))                    return JsonResponse(data, safe=False)                else:            # Show intermediate page            form = ExportForm()                return render(            request,            'admin/export_posts.html',            {                'posts': queryset,                'form': form,                'title': 'Export Posts'            }        )

Advanced Customization

get_queryset - Customize QuerySet

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'created']        def get_queryset(self, request):        """Customize queryset based on user."""        qs = super().get_queryset(request)                # Superusers see all posts        if request.user.is_superuser:            return qs                # Staff users see only their posts        return qs.filter(author=request.user)

save_model - Override Save

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):        """Auto-set author on creation."""        if not change:  # Creating new object            obj.author = request.user                super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)

has_add_permission / has_change_permission

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    def has_add_permission(self, request):        """Only superusers can add posts."""        return request.user.is_superuser        def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):        """Users can only edit their own posts."""        if request.user.is_superuser:            return True                if obj is not None:            return obj.author == request.user                return True        def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):        """Only superusers can delete."""        return request.user.is_superuser

Bài Tập

Bài 1: Basic Admin Setup

Task: Set up admin for blog app:

# 1. Create superuserpython manage.py createsuperuser # 2. Register Post model# blog/admin.pyfrom django.contrib import adminfrom .models import Post admin.site.register(Post) # 3. Login to admin at /admin/# 4. Create some posts via admin# 5. Add Category and Tag models to admin

Bài 2: Customize Admin List

Task: Customize Post admin list view:

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    # Add:    # - list_display: title, author, category, published, created    # - list_filter: published, created, category    # - search_fields: title, content    # - ordering: -created    # - list_per_page: 25        # Bonus: Add custom methods:    # - word_count: Show word count    # - is_recent: Show if post is less than 7 days old    pass

Bài 3: Inline Models

Task: Add Comment inline to Post admin:

# 1. Create Comment modelclass Comment(models.Model):    post = models.ForeignKey(Post, on_delete=models.CASCADE)    author = models.CharField(max_length=100)    content = models.TextField()    approved = models.BooleanField(default=False)    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 2. Create CommentInlineclass CommentInline(admin.TabularInline):    model = Comment    # Configure: extra, fields, readonly_fields # 3. Add to PostAdmin@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    inlines = [CommentInline]

Bài 4: Custom Actions

Task: Implement custom actions:

@admin.register(Post)class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    actions = [        'make_published',        'make_draft',        'reset_views',        'export_selected'    ]        # Implement:    # 1. make_published: Set published=True    # 2. make_draft: Set published=False    # 3. reset_views: Set views=0    # 4. export_selected: Export to CSV with title, author, views

Tài Liệu Tham Khảo

Previous: Bài 08: Database Migrations | Next: Bài 09.2: Admin Advanced

#admin-interface

Django Admin Interface